![]() ![]() The circuit can also be inverted and used as a current limiting device on the positive rail with a P-Channel MOSFET operating with a resistor or in the ohmic region. If there are space constraints, then Rlimit can be omitted and the channel resistance of the MOSFET used as current limiting, although this is not as well controlled as with a separate resistor. The circuit shown in Figure 7 uses a low-cost N-Channel MOSFET, but has the disadvantage that a high-wattage current limiting resistor R limit is needed. R2 both limits the maximum voltage on the gate to safe levels by acting as a potential divider with R1 and also discharges C1 when the power is removed, to reset the protection. When the voltage exceeds the gate voltage of the MOSFET, it turns on and bypasses the current limiting resistor. The capacitor C1 is slowly charged up via the resistor R1. On power-on, the transistor Q1 is off and the converter is supplied via the current limiting resistor Rlimit. Soft-start circuit using an N-channel MOSFET to bypass a current limiting resistor This is bulkier and more expensive solution, but more efficient and can also react quickly to power interruptions as the thermistor is cold during normal operation.įigure 5 shows two different RECOM products (RACM60 and RACM550) that use the thermistor and thermistor plus relay methods.įig 7. It is also ineffective if the AC input is removed and reapplied before it has cooled down.Ī more efficient solution is to use an NTC thermistor and then short circuit it with a relay contact or triac once the converter is operational. Although a cheap and compact solution, the thermistor runs very hot during normal operation reducing converter efficiency. The thermistor then quickly heats up due to the operating current flowing through it and becomes low resistance, allowing the converter to deliver its full power. On power-up, the device is high resistance and the inrush current is limited. The solution is to add a series resistance to limit the input current until the converter has started up.Ī negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor is a device that has high resistance when cold and lower resistance when hot. In many AC/DC power supplies, a high inrush current can cause nuisance-tripping of fuses or over-current protectors. Reducing input inrush current (AC/DC power supplies) Effect of different input capacitors on the input voltage at the end of a long cable The first image is the input voltage measured at the converter without an input capacitor (peak=71V), the second with a 100♟ capacitor (peak=55V) and the last with a 220♟ capacitor (over-damped to 48V).įig. In the following example, a DC/DC LED driver was powered from 48V through a 15m long cable. ![]() The high capacitance absorbs the over-voltage spike and the high ESR helps damp out the oscillation. Electrolytics have a high capacitance and a relatively high equivalent series resistance (ESR). The simplest method of reducing the over-voltage transitions at the end of long cables is to add an electrolytic capacitor across the terminals of the DC/DC converter. Then the over-voltage peak can exceed the voltage rating of the converter and damage it. Typically, the input inrush peak current is more of a problem than the input over-voltage, except when the supply cable is long or the main power supply is not a low-impedance source. After a few back-and forth cycles, the input voltage stabilizes to the supply value.įig.3: Comparison of simplified power connection to a converter and its transmission-line equivalent ![]() As the input voltage rises up, the current drawn from the supply increases, but after the input current has peaked and goes negative, current now flows back out of the converter and into the supply, with the effect that the input voltage keeps on rising. The effect of this ‘negative’ current is that the input voltage can momentarily be higher than the supply voltage! Figure 2 shows the input voltage curve. This oscillation means that current is periodically flowing back out of the converter into the supply. ![]() At t >1, the exponential is zero and the input current is the same as the operating current.Īn additional artefact can be observed in Figure 1 after the initial surge current peak, the input current does not drop back down to the operating current, but goes negative for a short time and oscillates before settling. At t=0, the exponential is unity so the only limitation on the input current is the resistance R and the current capability of the power supply. Where I in(t) is the capacitor current (time dependent), V in is the supply voltage, R is the output resistance of the supply plus ESR of the capacitor and any interconnection resistance, and C is the input capacitance. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Getting the audience hyped (excited) is also part of the reason for marches of ushers, nurses, and other church groups during those group's anniversary programs and conventions. Knowing that the choir is going to march to an uptempo song helps gets the congregation "hyped" and further sets the stage for a spirit filled sermon. In many Black churches at least one offerrings occurs immediately before the minister's sermon. Furthermore, I think that it's no coincidence that some Black churches have the tradition, choirs march down from their choir stands to give their offering (money to the church). But choirs marching at the beginning of church services, and marching during the offering portion of church services also add to the enjoyment of the church service. ![]() That is a religious reason for processions. ![]() The congregation stands in acknowledgement of and out of respect for the choirs' responsibility to help bring forth manifestations of the Holy Spirit through their spirited singing. Traditionally, during church services, members of the congregation who are able to stand do so to welcome the procession of choirs. Processions signify that the service or program is special, since processions are outside the norm of everyday occurances. But processions are more than a way for groups to make a grand entrance. Processions of choirs, ushers, nurses, or other groups that march into their anniversary program or their convention events enhance the celebratory nature of those programs & events. Choir marches into the church's santuary mark the beginning of church service. Group marches also adds to the drama-and the entertaiment of celebratory group events such as anniversaries and conventions. Marching for Jesus adds to the dramatic nature of religious worship. They are a way to praise God and "make a joyful noise to the Lord". However, judging from my experiences, and the comments that have been added to a number YouTube videos on this subject, church processions are viewed as an "old school" tradition that is done by fewer and fewer Black churches, partly because some churches have replaced formal choirs with praise & worship groups, partly because some churches consider processions to be irreligious, or for other reasons.Ī number of persons commenting on discussion threads of YouTube videos of Black church note that processions help set the tone of the worship service. Marching into the church sanctuary is an old tradition among African Americans and some other Black people. ![]() PART I - COMMENTS ABOUT BLACK CHURCH PROCESSIONALS This series is also not meant to imply that processions aren't a practice in the church services of other races and ethnicities. This series is not meant to be a comprehensive overview of Black Church Processions. This post provides general information about this tradition in the United States.Ĭlick for Part II of this series (African American & Canadian beginning church service processionals and during offerings).Ĭlick for Part III of this series (Processional of Church nurses, ushers, and other church groups).Ĭlick for Part IV of this series (African church processionals).īrief editorial comments, and a few video viewers' comments are included in each of these posts. This is Part I of a four part post on Black church processions. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Find many more Printable Planner Templates that will help you get on top of your life with ease. Find 100’s more stylish planner templates that you’ll love Open the image above to view and print the printable weight loss graph.īrowse our huge range of free printable templates for many more like this. You can also find the weight chart tracker included in the Household Planner Bundle! Open full size for the best version to print. As you lose weight you will color in the boxes. Included is a simple weight loss tracker. For example, if you want to lose 25 pounds you will list the numbers 1-25. It will help you count your calories and work towards a healthy BMI if you follow it. Every workout only requires body weight and no extraneous weights or equipment. 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Products purchased prior to October 1st, 2018 maintain the original 1 year warranty (keyboards with mechanical switches maintain original 2 year warranty). ![]() Aside from the change to Warranty Period, the Razer Extended Warranty does not alter any other terms and conditions of the Limited Warranty. The Razer Extended Warranty does not apply to batteries. and have validly purchased a Razer Extended Warranty for your product, the Warranty Period shall be extended for another one (1) year period, to be a total of two (2) years commencing upon the date of retail purchase of your Razer Product. If you are a customer outside of the U.S. If you are uncertain whether your Product is eligible for Limited Warranty support, please contact our support team for clarification. Please consult the product documentation provided by the product manufacturer for details. If you need product or warranty support with your third-party product, please contact the product manufacturer. 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